
<table style="text-align:center"><caption><strong>Table X23. Additional results: only countries that ever saw ethnic violence in the period analyzed.</strong></caption>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td colspan="2">Civil violence (group)</td><td>Communal violence</td><td>Communal violence</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>Maj. (model A76)</td><td>Min. (model A77)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A78)</td><td>Maj./min. dyad (model A79)</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy</td><td>-1.550<sup>**</sup></td><td>-1.852<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.665</td><td>-0.411</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.503)</td><td>(0.606)</td><td>(0.655)</td><td>(0.603)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Territorial autonomy x included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>2.528<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.545)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included</td><td>-1.310<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.443</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.292)</td><td>(0.417)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Included/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.186</td><td>-0.687<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.408)</td><td>(0.400)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Excluded/excluded</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.591</td><td>0.623</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.463)</td><td>(0.414)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state)</td><td>-0.081</td><td>2.531<sup>*</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.954)</td><td>(1.256)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>5.379<sup>**</sup></td><td>5.570<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(1.743)</td><td>(1.867)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (state, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-2.523<sup>**</sup></td><td>-2.645<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.887)</td><td>(0.940)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit)</td><td>0.285</td><td>3.235<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.555)</td><td>(0.968)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, mean)</td><td></td><td></td><td>2.514<sup>*</sup></td><td>2.467<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.994)</td><td>(1.057)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Relative size (unit, diff.)</td><td></td><td></td><td>-1.139<sup>***</sup></td><td>-1.098<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.301)</td><td>(0.307)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Asymmetry</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.156</td><td>0.142</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.295)</td><td>(0.294)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (unit, logged)</td><td>0.414<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.253<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.279<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.285<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.090)</td><td>(0.094)</td><td>(0.110)</td><td>(0.109)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Area (unit, logged)</td><td>0.037</td><td>0.119</td><td>0.490<sup>***</sup></td><td>0.483<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.089)</td><td>(0.131)</td><td>(0.146)</td><td>(0.141)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Avg. ruggedness (unit)</td><td>0.0003</td><td>-0.0003</td><td>-0.0003</td><td>-0.0001</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td><td>(0.001)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Oil in unit</td><td>0.311</td><td>0.290</td><td>0.681</td><td>0.660</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.561)</td><td>(0.300)</td><td>(0.495)</td><td>(0.493)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance capital (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.060</td><td>0.158</td><td>-0.053</td><td>-0.054</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.146)</td><td>(0.156)</td><td>(0.189)</td><td>(0.178)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Distance border (unit, logged)</td><td>-0.272<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.106</td><td>-0.247<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.219<sup>*</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.095)</td><td>(0.122)</td><td>(0.093)</td><td>(0.090)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">GDP pc. (logged)</td><td>-0.345<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.687<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.333<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.244</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.208)</td><td>(0.211)</td><td>(0.186)</td><td>(0.189)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Population (state, logged)</td><td>-0.119</td><td>-0.327<sup>*</sup></td><td>-0.122</td><td>-0.098</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.167)</td><td>(0.142)</td><td>(0.204)</td><td>(0.200)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Democracy</td><td>0.437</td><td>-1.119</td><td>0.177</td><td>0.219</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.737)</td><td>(0.771)</td><td>(0.480)</td><td>(0.480)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Ethnic fractionalization</td><td>-0.439</td><td>-0.728</td><td>-0.060</td><td>-0.068</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.963)</td><td>(1.145)</td><td>(1.030)</td><td>(0.995)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Election year</td><td>-0.593<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.301</td><td>0.352</td><td>0.373<sup>†</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.267)</td><td>(0.289)</td><td>(0.231)</td><td>(0.222)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years</td><td>-0.475<sup>***</sup></td><td>-0.492<sup>***</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.115)</td><td>(0.129)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 2</td><td>0.027<sup>*</sup></td><td>0.022<sup>†</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.012)</td><td>(0.012)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence peace years 3</td><td>-0.001<sup>†</sup></td><td>-0.0003</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Civil violence spatial lag</td><td>0.567<sup>*</sup></td><td>1.065<sup>*</sup></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(0.221)</td><td>(0.424)</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.217<sup>**</sup></td><td>-0.218<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.072)</td><td>(0.074)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 2</td><td></td><td></td><td>0.010</td><td>0.010</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.010)</td><td>(0.010)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence peace years 3</td><td></td><td></td><td>-0.0002</td><td>-0.0002</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.0003)</td><td>(0.0003)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Communal violence spatial lag</td><td></td><td></td><td>1.000<sup>**</sup></td><td>0.965<sup>**</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td></td><td></td><td>(0.358)</td><td>(0.366)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Constant</td><td>2.517</td><td>3.345</td><td>-22.704<sup>***</sup></td><td>-23.495<sup>***</sup></td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left"></td><td>(2.397)</td><td>(2.277)</td><td>(2.374)</td><td>(2.400)</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">N</td><td>17,921</td><td>96,429</td><td>134,847</td><td>134,847</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">Log Likelihood</td><td>-1,014.745</td><td>-1,427.247</td><td>-1,506.448</td><td>-1,490.056</td></tr>
<tr><td style="text-align:left">AIC</td><td>2,137.490</td><td>2,962.495</td><td>3,128.895</td><td>3,098.111</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="border-bottom: 1px solid black"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">† p<0.1; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01; *** p<0.001; country-clustered SE’s in parentheses; maj. = second-order majority; min. = second-order minority.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">The dependent variable is a binary variable equal to one if there is at least one instance of civil/communal violence involving a group/dyad in a given unit.</td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="5" style="text-align:left">Region- and year-fixed effects included but not reported.</td></tr>
</table>
